Primary Sources

Primary Sources
…of Mehmed II and Ottoman expansion. Oruç Bey, Tevârîh-i Âl-i Osmân — important chronicle of the early Ottoman dynasty. Neşrî, Cihânnümâ — major late-15th-century Ottoman chr…

Kösem: the 17th-century Ottoman Queen who Ruled with an Iron Fist

Kösem: the 17th-century Ottoman Queen who Ruled with an Iron Fist
…Osman II. Osman’s efforts to institute state and military reforms gained him many enemies, and at 18 years old, he was imprisoned and murdered. Mustafa once again acceded to the throne.…

Abdülmecid I

Abdülmecid I
, sovereign reformer of the Ottoman realm Born in 1823 to Sultan Mahmud II and his consort Bezmialem Sultan, Abdülmecid was raised in a modernistic milieu, receiving training in literatur…